Second home tax benefits: A complete guide for homeowners

Pacaso Icon for profile pictures
Pacaso’s Editorial Team
February 3, 2026
A person sits at home and reviews her second home tax deductions.
Key takeaways
This comprehensive guide explains key second home tax benefits, limitations, and reporting requirements to know before you buy, helping you understand when deductions apply and how usage can impact your overall tax strategy. Learn how the IRS classifies second homes and what tax rules apply based on how you use the property.
What are second home tax benefits?
Second home tax benefits are deductions and credits for owners of a second home, including mortgage interest, property taxes, and improvements. Eligibility depends on personal use and rental activity.
Buying a second home can feel intimidating from a tax perspective, but owners can take advantage of several second home tax benefits. With some planning, you can anticipate your obligations and explore what tax deductions may help lower costs. 
This guide breaks down the different types of secondary residences, available tax breaks, and key tax implications of each.Note: This information is for educational purposes only and shouldn’t replace professional tax advice. Consult a licensed tax professional for guidance on what tax deductions fit your specific situation.

What qualifies as a second home for tax purposes?

The IRS classifies a second home based on personal use versus rental use. To qualify as a second home, your personal use must exceed the greater of 14 days per year or 10% of the days the home is rented at a fair market price.Lenders may also have their own criteria, including:
  • Property type: Typically a single-family residence (not a timeshare).
  • Location: Often at least 50 miles from your primary residence.
  • Usage: The property should be occupied as a residence for part of the year.
Common characteristics of second homes:
  • Distance: Many second homes are in another city or state. Meeting distance requirements helps distinguish the property from an investment property.
  • Purpose: Second homes are usually for personal enjoyment, such as a vacation getaway or future retirement home. Keeping it primarily for personal use simplifies taxes and may allow deductions for qualifying expenses.

How are second homes taxed based on IRS classifications?

The second-home tax deductions you can claim depend largely on how the IRS classifies your property. Generally, second homes fall into three categories:
  • True second residence: Used primarily for personal purposes, such as a vacation or seasonal getaway. The IRS treats this as a personal residence. You may deduct certain expenses, including mortgage interest and property taxes.
  • Mixed-use property: Used both personally and as a rental. You may qualify for a combination of personal and rental deductions, depending on how the property is used.
  • Rental or investment property: If rented most of the year with limited personal use, this classification allows for broader investment-property deductions .
Because classification depends on usage and can changes year to year, consult a licensed tax professional to determine your home’s rental status and required forms.

What are examples of second home tax benefits?

Owning a second home offers more than luxury and relaxation — it also opens doors to potential second home tax benefits. Here are the key second-home tax deductions and credits you may qualify for:

Mortgage interest deduction

Mortgage interest is the cost of borrowing money to purchase a home. The mortgage interest deduction allows owners of up to two qualified homes to deduct interest on eligible loans.
  • Qualifications: Homes must have sleeping, cooking, and toilet facilities. This includes houses, condos, RVs, or boats, as long as you live there part-time. If rented, the IRS personal-use test applies.
  • Loan types: First and second mortgages, as well as home equity loans or HELOCs used to buy, build, or substantially improve the property.
  • Limits: For homes purchased after December 15, 2017, interest is deductible on up to $750,000 of combined mortgage debt ($375,000 if married filing separately). Pre-2017 loans have a $1 million limit ($500,000 if married filing separately).
  • Tax forms: Form 1098 from your lender; itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040).
Example: Greg and Rodney own a second home in Arizona and spend the winter there. They do not rent it out, so it qualifies as a personal residence. They can deduct a portion of mortgage interest, subject to limits.

Property tax deduction

Property taxes fund local services like schools, public safety, roads, and infrastructure.
  • Qualifications: Deductible if you itemize your tax return.
  • Limits: Subject to the SALT cap — $40,000 per return ($20,000 if married filing separately) in 2025, with phase-outs for high-income earners. The cap reverts to $10,000 after 2029.
  • Tax forms: Schedule A (Form 1040).
Example: Greg and Rodney live in Michigan and own a second home in Arizona that they use each winter. The home is not rented out, and their personal use exceeds 14 days, so it qualifies as a personal residence. They may deduct a portion of the property taxes on the home along with the mortgage interest. However, their total deduction for state and local taxes across both homes combined is subject to the $40,000 SALT cap.

Home equity loan interest deduction

You can deduct interest paid on a home equity loan or home equity line of credit (HELOC) if you use the funds to buy or improve your primary or second home. This deduction is part of the larger mortgage interest deduction and requires you to itemize your tax return.
  • Qualifications: Loan must be secured by your primary or second home and used to buy, build, or substantially improve the property. Funds used for other purposes are not deductible.
  • Limits: Combined mortgage and home equity debt cannot exceed $750,000 ($375,000 if married filing separately) for deductibility. Pre-2017 loans retain higher limits.
  • Tax forms: Form 1098; itemize on Schedule A. Keep records showing how loan proceeds were used.
Example: A couple takes out a HELOC on their second home to renovate the kitchen and add a guest suite. Because the loan is secured by the home and used for qualified improvements, they can deduct the interest on their tax return, subject to the combined mortgage and HELOC limit of $750,000.

Capital gains deductions

A capital gain is the profit you make from selling a capital asset, such as a second home. The amount of your gain is the difference between your adjusted basis (what you paid for the property, plus the cost of any major improvements) and the net earnings from the sale (the selling price minus expenses like realtor fees and closing costs).
  • Primary residence exclusion: If you convert a second home into a primary residence and live in it at least two of the five years before selling, you may exclude up to $250,000 ($500,000 for married couples) as a capital gains deduction.
  • Tax rates: Short-term gains (≤1 year) taxed at ordinary income rates, up to 37%. Long-term gains (>1 year) 0%, 15%, or 20% in 2025, depending on income
  • Tax forms: Form 8949 and Schedule D; may receive Form 1099-S from the closing agent.
Example: A married couple purchase a second home for $600,000 and later spend $50,000 on qualifying improvements, bringing their adjusted basis to $650,000. After several years, they move into the home and make it their primary residence. They live there for two of the five years before selling it for $900,000, with $50,000 in selling expenses. Their net gain is $200,000, which falls below the $500,000 primary residence exclusion for married couples — meaning they owe no federal capital gains tax on the sale.

What is the 14-day rule, and how does it affect rental tax implications?

The 14-day rental rule determines whether your second home is treated as a personal residence with minimal rental activity or a rental property, which affects how rental income and expenses are taxed.

Tax-free rental income (14 days or less)

If you rent your second home for 14 days or fewer per year, it is considered a personal residence:
  • Rental income is not reported to the IRS.
  • You cannot deduct rental-related expenses, such as cleaning, advertising, or property management fees.
Example: Renting your home for 14 days during a major event like the Olympics allows you to keep the income tax-free, but you cannot claim related expenses.

Reporting rental income (more than 14 days)

Renting your second home for more than 14 days per year requires reporting all rental income on Schedule E (Form 1040). You can then deduct eligible rental expenses and depreciate the property:
  • Expense allocation: Expenses must be divided between personal and rental use. For instance, if your cabin is used 20 days personally and rented 100 days, you can claim 83% of mortgage interest, property taxes, insurance, and utilities as rental expenses.
  • Other deductible expenses: Cleaning services, rental agency fees, and travel related to managing the property.
  • Depreciation: Residential rental properties have a useful life of 27.5 years. For example, a $240,000 building basis could yield an annual depreciation of ~$8,000.
Example: If you rent your second home for 100 days and use it personally for 20 days, all rental income must be reported on Schedule E. Because 83% of the home’s use is rental (100 ÷ 120 days), you may deduct 83% of eligible expenses — such as mortgage interest, property taxes, insurance, and cleaning — and depreciate the rental portion over 27.5 years.

Rental expense deduction            

Rental expense deductions allow landlords to recoup some of the money they spend on owning, maintaining and repairing their rental properties. The amount you receive will depend on your expenditures and Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) limitations. These are some of the most common deductible expenses:
  • Mortgage interest: Fully deductible for the rental portion.
  • Property taxes: Fully deductible and not subject to the $40,000 SALT cap.
  • Utilities: Deductible if paid by the owner.
  • Insurance: Premiums for fire, flood, liability, and other coverage.
  • Repairs & maintenance: Fully deductible when incurred (unlike improvements, which are depreciated).
  • Professional fees: Property managers, accountants, lawyers, or tax preparers.
  • Advertising costs: Online listings, brochures, or professional photos.
  • Travel expenses: Business-related trips to the property (airfare, lodging, car rental).
Example: Trevor rents his mountain cabin for most of the year. He can deduct the rental portion of expenses like mortgage interest, property taxes, utilities, insurance, repairs, professional fees, advertising, and travel.

Rental depreciation deduction

If you are using your second home exclusively as an investment property, you can still take advantage of second home tax benefits like the rental property depreciation tax deduction. The IRS considers a residential rental property to have a useful life of 27.5 years, so you can deduct a portion of the property's value each year.
  • Limits & rules: Deduction cannot exceed taxable income and must meet qualified property requirements.
  • Bonus depreciation: The 2025 H.R. 1 law reinstated 100% bonus depreciation for qualified rental improvements, allowing items like new appliances, carpeting, or furniture to be deducted in the first year.
  • Tax forms: Form 4562 (Depreciation and Amortization) is used to claim deductions; reported on Schedule E. No itemization is required on your personal return.
Many second home tax benefits mirror those of a primary residence, but your usage — personal versus rental — determines which perks you can claim, like the rental property depreciation tax deduction. Consult a licensed tax professional to fully understand your situation.
Example: Jenna owns a second home that she rents out full-time. The IRS allows her to depreciate the building (excluding land) over 27.5 years, reducing her taxable rental income. She can also take 100% bonus depreciation for improvements like new appliances or carpeting placed in service after 2025, claiming the deduction in the first year.

Why own your dream second home with Pacaso?

Understanding tax implications is important, but owning a second home should also be enjoyable. Pacaso offers a simpler path to vacation home ownership through co-ownership of professionally managed luxury homes.Pacaso homes are not rented out, so they are generally treated as personal residences. Owners can benefit from second home tax benefits while avoiding property management hassles.You can even use this second home mortgage calculator to see how co-ownership could fit your budget and lifestyle.  Explore our luxury vacation homes for sale to see how Pacaso can help you own the second home of your dreams.

Second home tax benefits FAQs

01: What are second home tax benefits?

Second home tax benefits are deductions and credits that may be available to owners of a second home, such as mortgage interest, property taxes, and certain improvements. Eligibility depends on how the property is used and how the IRS classifies it.

02: How does the IRS define a second home for tax purposes?

The IRS defines a second home based on personal use versus rental use. To qualify, personal use must exceed the greater of 14 days per year or 10% of the days the home is rented at fair market value.

03: Are second home tax benefits different from primary home tax benefits?

They are similar in some ways, but second homes often have additional limitations. For example, property tax deductions are subject to SALT caps, and capital gains exclusions generally apply only to primary residences unless specific requirements are met.

04: Can you deduct mortgage interest on a second home?

Yes. Mortgage interest on a second home may be deductible for up to two qualified homes, subject to IRS debt limits and itemization requirements.

05: Can you deduct property taxes on a second home?

Yes. Property taxes may be deductible if you itemize your return. For personal-use second homes, deductions are subject to the SALT cap, while rental-use property taxes are not.

06: What is the 14-day rule for second home tax benefits?

The 14-day rule allows owners to rent out a second home for up to 14 days per year without reporting rental income. However, rental-related expenses cannot be deducted during that time.

07: Does renting out a second home affect its tax benefits?

Yes. Renting a second home can change how it is classified by the IRS and which deductions apply. Rental use may require income reporting but can also unlock additional deductions, such as depreciation.

08: Can you deduct rental expenses for a second home?

If the home is rented for more than 14 days, eligible rental expenses—such as cleaning, repairs, insurance, and property management fees—may be deductible, based on the portion of time the home is rented.

09: Do second home tax benefits change based on how often you use the property?

Yes. Personal use versus rental use determines whether the home is treated as a personal residence, mixed-use property, or rental property, which directly affects deductions and reporting requirements.

010: Do second home tax benefits apply to co-owned or fractional homes?

In many cases, co-owners may claim tax benefits proportional to their ownership share, depending on how the property is structured and used. Owners should consult a licensed tax professional to understand how deductions apply to their specific arrangement.

Featured articles

1/

Recommended homes for you

Sign up

Get the latest insights and tips.